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Res judicata, which is a Latin term meaning “a matter already judged,” is a legal doctrine that serves as a fundamental principle of judicial efficiency and finality. It refers to the concept that a final judgment or decision rendered by a competent court on the merits of a legal dispute is conclusive and binding on the parties involved. In simpler terms, once a matter has been decided by a court, it cannot be relitigated between the same parties.

The doctrine of res judicata is based on the idea that there must be an end to litigation and that parties should not be allowed to repeatedly bring the same claims or issues before the courts. It promotes the stability and certainty of legal decisions, prevents inconsistent judgments, and ensures the efficient administration of justice.